A bone is a whitish and hard congregation of cells
A bone is a whitish and hard congregation of cells
Oxford Concise Dictionary defines bone as a whitish and hard congregation of cells (i.e. tissue) which make up the skeleton. Bones play the same role in one’s lifetime as that of a hanger in a wardrobe. Without bones or skeleton, it’s hard to imagine one moving or even standing. One would simply reduce to a lump of meat in the absence of skeleton.
Scientifically, an organic matrix that is greatly strengthened by deposits of calcium salts is known as bone. Average composition of a bone by weight has 30% matrix and 70% salts. Newly generated bones have high percentage of matrix with respect to salts (Guyton and Hall, 980).
The organic matrix of bone constitutes 90-95% collagen fibers; rest of the matrix is composed of homogenous gelatinous medium called ground substance. The collagen fibers are extended primarily along the lines of tensional force and hence, provide bone its characteristic power and strength (Guyton and Hall, 981).
The ground substance majorly has extracellular fluid plus proteoglycans that contains chondrytin sulphate and hyaluronic acid. The exact function of each of these is not completely known. Nonetheless, they do help to develop control the deposition of calcium salts.
The crystalline salts accumulated in the organic matrix of bone consists jprimarily of calcium and phosphate. The formula for the major crystalline salts; hydroxyapatite is
Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2
The length of each crystal is 400 angstroms. Its thickness usually is of 100 angstroms. Shape of the crystal is long like a flat plate. The ratio of calcium apropos to phosphate can change markedly due to different nutritional conditions. The Ca/P ratio under weight basis varies between 1.3 to 2 (Guyton and Hall, 981).
Magnesium, sodium, potassium and carbonate ions also mark their presence among the bone salts; although studies through X-ray diffraction fail to show any definite crystal formation by them. Hence, they are thought to be conjugated to the hydroxyapatite crystals rather than their own organized distinct crystals (Guyton and Hall, 981).
Figure : Structure of Bone (Guyton and Hall, 983)
Usually the rate of bone deposition and absorption are equal to each other. This case study is exception to growing bones so that’s why the total mass of the bones remains constant. Osteoclasts normally present in small but concentrated masses and once the mass of osteoclasts begins to increase, it mainly eats away at the bone for three weeks which leads to the formation of hard tunnel that ranges in diameter from 0.22 to 1 mm and has a length of several millimeters. After three weeks, the osteoclasts diminish and the tunnel is encroached by osteoblasts instead; hence, bone formation takes place. This does not account for completion of bone deposition. It then continues for many months. The new born being formed is in successive layers of concentric circles known as lamellae on the inner surfaces of the cavity until the tunnel is filled. Bone deposition stops when the bone begins to invade blood vessels supplying the area. The canal through which these vessels protrude called the haversion canal, is all that remains of the original cavity (Guyton and Hall, 983).
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