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Can you paraphrase the summary below
Summary:
Ron Amundson, a philosophy instructor, takes issue with Lyall Watson’s theory of the Hundredth Monkey Phenomenon, despite Watson’s use of information from respected scientific articles. In the 1950s some Japanese Macaques being studied by primatologists learned to wash potatoes before eating them. According to Watson, once a certain number of the macaques (symbolically one hundred) had learned to wash their potatoes, all the macaques attained a group consciousness and instantly began washing potatoes, including macaque troops in other places. Watson claims that he had to discern this miracle out of the sketchy details given in the scientific literature, but in reality the sources he cites carefully account for the slow and orderly development of this trait. Watson’s claims about this phenomenon, and his claim that the researchers were reluctant to reveal the truth, are easily refuted by the source materials he cites; however, his own arguments do help expose four typical methods of pseudoscience. 1) Pseudoscientists claim to have sources of information and explanations that scientists either withhold from the public or are not clever enough to understand. 2) Pseudoscientists prefer paranormal explanations even when natural, logical explanations are easily available. 3) Once a paranormal explanation is proposed, it tends to be amplified as it passed around, so that Watson’s distortions become even more bizarre when others such as Ken Keyes retell it. 4) The similarities among different pseudoscience theories seem to support each other, amplifying belief in the paranormal. Amundson is sympathetic with people who believe that the Hundredth Monkey Phenomenon might be a pathway to nuclear disarmament; however, these are false hopes. Watson, though, is mainly interested in promoting sensationalist paranormal beliefs that really amount to lies spun by unscientific methods of determining truth.
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